1. Bradley H, Hall HI, Wolitski RJ, Van Handel MM, Stone AE, LaFlam M, Skarbinski J, Higa DH, Prejean J, Frazier EL, Patel R, Huang P, An Q, Song R, Tang T, Valleroy LA. Vital Signs: HIV diagnosis, care and treatment among persons living with HIV—United States 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014. November28;63(47):1113–7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2. Smith CJ, Ryom L, Weber R, Morlat P, Pradier C, Reiss P, Kowalska JD, de Wit S, Law M, el Sadr W, Kirk O, Friis-Moller N, Monforte Ad, Phillips AN, Sabin CA, Lundgren JD; D:A:D Study Group. Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. 2014. July19;384(99939) 241–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3. Opportunistic Infections Project Team of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research in Europe (COHERE) in EuroCoord, Young J, Psichogiou M, Meyer L, Ayayi S, Grabar S, Raffi F, Resiss P, Gazzard B, Sharland M, Gutierrez F, Obel N, Kirk O, Miro JM, Furrer H, Castagna A, De Wit S, Munoz J, Kjaer J, Grarup J, Chene G, Bucher. CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed viral load: a longitudinal cohort study from COHERE. PLoS Med. 2012;9(3):31001194. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4. Amadori A, Zamarachi R, De Silvestro G, Forza GA, Cavatton M, Danielli Clementi L, Chiceo-Bianchi. Genetic control of the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in humans. Nature Medicine, 1995. Vol.1 (12), 1279–1283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Evans DM, Zhu G, Duffy DL, Frazer IH, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. A major quantitative trait locus for CD4/CD8 ratio is located on chromosome 11. Genes Immun. 2004. November; 5(7): 548–52. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364126 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Howard RR, Fasano CS, Frey L, Miller Ch. Reference intervals of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, and absolute CD4 values in Asian and Non-Asian populations. Cytometry. 1996. September15;26(3):231–2. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19960915)26:3<231::AID-CYTO9>3.0.CO;2-H [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Wikby A, Månsson IA, Johansson B, Strindhall J, Nilsson SE. The immune-risk profile is associated with age and gender: findings from three Swedish population studies of individuals 20–100 years of age. Biogerontology. 2008; 9:299–308. doi: 10.1007/s10522-008-9138-6 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Appay V, Sauce D. Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences. J Pathol. 2008. January;214(2):231–41. doi: 10.1002/path.2276 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Serrano-Villar S, Moreno S, Fuentes-Ferrer M, et al. The CD4:CD8 ratio is associated with markers of age-associated disease in virally suppressed HIV-infected patients with immunological recovery. HIV Med2014; 1:40–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Wikby Anders, Ferguson Frederick, Forsey Rosalyn, Thompson Julie, Strindhall Jan, Sture Löfgren Bengt-Olof Nilsson, Ernerudh Jan, Pawelec Graham, Johansson Boo; An Immune Risk Phenotype, Cognitive Impairment, and Survival in Very Late Life: Impact of Allostatic Load in Swedish Octogenarian and Nonagenarian Humans. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci2005; 60 (5): 556–565. doi: doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.5.556 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Serrano-Villar S, Sainz T, Lee SA, Hunt PW, Sinclair E, Shacklett BL, Ferre AL, Hayes TL, Somsouk M, Hsue PY, Van Natta ML, Meinert CL, Lederman MM, Hatano H, Jain V, Huang Y, Hecht FM, Martin JN, McCune JM, Moreno S, Deeks SG. HIV-infected individuals with low CD4/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy exhibit altered T cell subsets, heightened CD8+ T cell activation, and increased risk of no-AIDS morbidity and mortality. PLoS Pathog. 2014. May15;10(5):31004078. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Ho PC, Tang GW, Fu KH, Fan Mc, Lawton JW. Immunologic studies in patients with premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol. 1988. April; 71(4):622–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Shao MJ, Zhu YJ, Qiu YE, Hu M, He YQ. Changes in the Level of Immunoglobulins and CD4/CD8 Ratio in Young and Aged Mice with Estradiol Deficiency. Immunol Invest. 2017. April;46(3):305–313. doi: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1267203 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Rosado-Sanchez I, Herrero-Fernandez I, Genebat M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Leal M, Pacheco YM. Thymic Function Impacts the Peripheral CD4/CD8 Ratio of HIV-Infected Subjects. Clin Infect Dis. 2017. January15;64(2):152–158. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw711 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Maeda N, Sekigawa I, et al. Relationship between CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and T cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scan J Rheumatol. 1999;28(3):166–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Beckham JC, Caldwell DS, Peterson BL, Pippen AM, Currie Ms, Keefe FJ, Weinberg JB, Disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis: relationships of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha, soluble interleukin 2-receptor, soluble CD4/CD8 ratio, enopterin, and fibrin D-dimer to traditional severity and functional measures. J Clin Immunol, 1992, September:12(5):353–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Carvajal Alegria G, Gazeau P, Hillion Set al. Could Lymphocyte Profiling be Useful to Diagnose Systemic Autoimmune Diseases?Clinc Rev Allerg Immunol; doi: 10.1007/s12016-017-8608-5 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Al-Sakkaf L, Pozzilli P, Tarn AC, Schwarz G, Gale EA, Bottazzo GF. Persistent reduction of CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio and cell activation before the onset of type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1989. May; 32(5): 322–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Tancini G, Barni S, Rescaldani R, Fiorelli G, Vivani S, Lissoni P. Analysis of T helper and suppressor lymphocyte subsets in relation to the clinical state of solid neoplasms. Oncology1990; 47(5):381–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Syrijala H, Surcel HM, Llonen J. Low CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte ratio in acute myocardial infarction. CLinc Exp Immunol1991. February; 83(2):326–8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Kamen-Siegel L, Rodin J, Seligman ME, Dwyer J. Explanatory style and cell-mediated immunity in elderly men and women. Health Psychol1991;10(4):229–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Hupper FA, Pinto E, Morgan K, et al. Survival in a population sample is predicted by proportions of lymphocyte subsets. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003. April;124(4):449–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Ferrando-Martinez S, Romero-Sanches M, Solana Ret al. Thymic function failure and C-reactive protein levels are independent predictors of all-cause mortality in healthy elderly humans. Age (Dordr). 2013. February;35(1)251–259. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Johnstone J, Parsons R, Botelho Fet al. T-Cell Phenotypes Predictive of Frailty and Mortality in Elderly Nursing Home Reisdents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017. January;65(1):153–159. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14507 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Margolick JB, Munoz A, Donnenberg AD, Park LP, Galai N, et al. Failure of T-cell homeostasis preceding AIDS in HIV-1 infection. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Nat Med11995:674–680. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26. Helleberg M, Kronborg G, ullum H, Ryder LP, Obel N, Gerstoft J. Course and Clinical Significance of CD8 Counts in a Large HIV Cohort. J Infect Dis2015. June1;211(11) 1726–34. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu669 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fenoel V, Jacquot S, Prazuck T, Legac E, Melard A, Niang M, Mille C, Moal G, Viard JP, and Rouzioux Con behalf of the AC32 of the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hepatites Virales. Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection is key to achieving both low HIV reservoirs and normal T cell counts. J Antimicrob Chemother2013; 68:1169–1178. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks533 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Riddler S, Aga E, Bosch Ret al. Continued Slow Decay of the Residual Plasma Viremia Level in HIV-1-Infected Adults Receiving Long-term Antiviral Therapy. J Infect Dis2016:213:556–60. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv433 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Mussini C, Lorenzini P, Cozzi-Leri A, Lapadula G, Marchetti G, Nicastri E, Cingolani A, Lichtner M, Antinori A, Gori A, d’Armino Monforte A, for the icona Foundation Study Group. CD4/CD8 ratio normalization and non-AIDS-related events in individuals with HIV who achieve viral load suppression with antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV2015; 298–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Serrano-Villar S, Deeks S. CD4/CD8 ratio: an emerging biomarker for HIV. Lancet HIV. 2015. March;2(3) 76–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Fuster F, Vargas JL, Jensen D, Sarmiento V, Acuna Pet al. CD4/CD8 ratio as a predictor of the response ot HBV vaccination in HIV-positive patients: a prospective cohort study. Vaccine. 2016. April7;34(16):1889–95. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.055 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Avelino-Silva V, Miyaji KT, Mathias A. CD4/CD8 ratio predicts yellow fever vaccine-induced antibody titers in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2016. February1;71(2):189–95. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000845 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Vassallo M, Durant J, Lebrun-Frenay C, et al. Virologically suppressed patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV associated neurocognitive disorders do not display the same pattern of immune activation. HIV Med2015. August;16(8):431–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Sigel K, Wisnivesky J, Crothers K, et al. Immunological and infectious risk factors for lung cancer in US veterans with HIV: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017. February; 4(2): e67–73. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30215-6 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Triplette M, Attia EF, Akgun KMet al. A low peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with pulmonary emphysema in HIV. PLoS ONE. 2017. January25; 12(1): e0170857doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170857 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Badejo O, Chang C, et al. CD8_ T-cells count in acute myocardial infarction in HIV diseae in a predominatly male cohort. Bio Med Research International Vol 2015 (Article 246870). [PMC free article] [PubMed]
37. Trickey A, May M, Schommers Pet al. CD4:CD8 Ratio and CD8 Count as Prognostic Markers for Mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). Clin Infect Dis2017; cix466. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Seng R, Goujard C, Krastinova E, Miaihes P, Orr S, Molina JM, Saada M, Piroth L, Rouzioux C, Meyer L for the ANRS PRIMO Cohort. Influence of lifelong cumulative HIV viremia on long-term recovery of CD4+ cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio among patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS2015; 29:595–607. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000571 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Serrano-Villar S, Zhou Y, Rodgers AJ, Moreno Set al. Different impact of raltegravir versus efavirenz on CD4/CD8 ratio recovery in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;(1);235–239. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw375 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Reker-Hadrup S, Strindhall J, Kollgaard T, Seremet T, Johansson B, Pawelec G, Strat PT and Wikby A. Longitudinal Studies of Clonally Expanded CD8 T Cells Reveal a Repertoire Shrinkage Predicting Mortality and an Increased Number of Dysfunctional Cytomegalovirus-Specific T Cells in the Very Elderly. J ImmunolFebruary152006; 176 (4) 2645–2653. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Caby F, Guihot A, Lambert-Nicotet al. Determinants of a Low CD4/CD ratio in HIV-1 infected individuals despite long term viral suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2016. May15;62(10):1297–303. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw076 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Freeman ML, Mudd JC, Shive CL, Younes SA, Panigrahi S. CD8 T-cell expansion and inflammation linked to CMV Coinfected in ART-treated HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016. February1; 62(3);392–6. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ840 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. Smith DM, Nakazawa M, Freeman ML, Anderson CMet al. Asymptomatic CMV Replication During Early Human Immundeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection is associated with Lower CD4/CD8 Ratio during HIV treatment. Clin Infect Dis2015. December1;63(11); 1517–1524. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. Jain V, Hartogensis W, Bachetti P, et al. Antiretroviral therapy initiated within 6 months of HIV infection is associated with lower t-cell activation and smaller HIV reservoir size. J Infect Dis, 2013, vol.208:1202–11. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit311 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. Chun TW, Justement JS, Pandya P, Hallahan CW, McLaughlin M, Liu S, Ehler LA, Kovacs C, Fauci AS. Relationship between the size of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratios in aviremic HIV-1-infected individuals receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis2002. June1;185(11):1672–6. doi: 10.1086/340521 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Gandhi R, McMahon D, Bosch Ret al. Levels of HIV-1 persistence on antiretroviral therapy are not associated with markers of inflammation or activation. PLoS Pathog2017: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006285. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
